著名计算机科学家 Peter Norvig 就提到,如果拥有了 Google 那个级别的庞大数据量,那只需要收集用户们的实际纠错操作,就足以找到相对靠谱的答案。如果他们在搜索“the book”后立即再次搜索“the book”,那就能断定“teh”实际上是“the”的误写。就这么简单,不涉及任何实际拼写规则。
问题是,二者兼顾不是更好?在现实场景中拼写检查器也确实倾向于兼容并包。Ernie Davis 观察到,如果我们在 Google 中输入“cleopxjqco”,它会自动把内容更正为“Cleopatra”。Google 搜索整体就是把符号处理 AI 跟深度学习混合起来,而且在可预见的未来也会继续坚持这条道路。
Warren McCulloch 和 Walter Pitts 在 1943 年撰写的论文《神经活动中内在思维的逻辑演算》(A Logical Calculus of the Ideas Immanent in Nervous Activity)就提出过合二为一的观点,这也是冯诺依曼在自己计算机基础文章中引用过的唯一一篇论文。很明显,冯诺依曼他们花了大量时间思考这个问题,却没料到反对的声音会来得那么快。
到上世纪五十年代末,这种割裂仍然存在。
AI 领域的不少先驱级人物,例如 McCarthy、Allen Newell、Herb Simon 等,似乎对神经网络一派不加任何关注。而神经网络阵营似乎也想划清界线:一篇刊载于 1957 年《纽约客》的文章就提到,Frank Rosenblatt 的早期神经网络已经能够绕过符号系统,成为“一台似乎具备思维能力的「强大机器」。”
而这种对符号处理的粗暴放弃,本身其实相当可疑。
两派之间剑拔弩张,甚至迫使 Advances in Computers 杂志发表一篇名为《关于神经网络争议的社会学史》(A Sociological History of the Neural Network Controversy)的论文,其中提到了两派就资金、声誉和媒体影响力展开的激烈争斗。
四十年来,我第一次对 AI 抱有乐观期望。正如认知科学家 Chaz Firestone 与 Brian Scholl 所言,“头脑不只有一种运转方式,因为头脑并非单一的存在。相反,头脑由多个部分构成,不同的部分有不同的运作机制:观看颜色与规划假期的方式不同,理解语句、操纵肢体、记忆事件、感受情绪的方法也是各不相同。”盲目把所有认知都堆在一处根本不现实,而随时整个 AI 行业对混合方法的态度愈发开放,我认为真正的机遇也许即将到来。
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